Watch the story of Magellan's voyage on Simple History

In 1793, amidst the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, France faced internal revolts and external threats, including the British occupation of Toulon, a key naval base. The inexperienced General Carteaux, with the aid of the young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte, was tasked with retaking the city. Bonaparte, recommended by Saliceti, quickly organized the artillery, despite shortages, and proposed a strategy focusing on capturing strategic forts to bombard the Allied fleet. After initial setbacks due to Carteaux's hesitation, the professional General Dugommier took command, endorsing Bonaparte's plan. In a fierce battle, Bonaparte's leadership helped secure French victory, leading to his promotion to Brigadier General. The fall of Toulon marked a turning point for the French Republic, with Bonaparte emerging as a significant military figure, setting the stage for his future prominence.

Napoleon crowned himself Emperor in 1804. Soon after, he faced the Third Coalition of European powers. His Grande Armée, using the new corps system, swiftly defeated Austria at Ulm and occupied Vienna. The decisive Battle of Austerlitz followed on December 2, 1805. Napoleon's strategy lured Allies into attacking his right while he struck their center on the Pratzen Heights. The French victory shattered the Coalition, forcing Austria to accept harsh terms. However, Britain remained undefeated at sea after Nelson's victory at Trafalgar. The battle showcased Napoleon's tactical brilliance and the effectiveness of his army's organization. It solidified French dominance on land, while Britain ruled the seas. This stalemate between the "whale and the elephant" set the stage for years of continued conflict in Europe. The war's impact was summed up by British PM Pitt: "Roll up that map of Europe, it will not be wanted these ten years.

Alexander the Great, becoming king at 20, expanded Macedonia's rule over Greece, crushed the Persian Empire, and ventured to India by his death at 32. Facing a mutiny at Opis, he harshly punished the leaders and delivered a dramatic speech, as recounted by historian Arrian, emphasizing his achievements and leadership, though the exact words are debated.

Fresh from his great victory at Austerlitz, Napoleon's next campaign saw him take on Prussia in the autumn of 1806. Prussia's army had been feared throughout Europe since the days of Frederick the Great, but in just 5 weeks of 'Napoleonic Blitzkrieg', the French Emperor showed that those days were long gone.

Napoleon brings his war against Russia and Prussia to an end with victory at Friedland, leading to the famous Tilsit conference, after which Napoleon stood at the peak of his power.

Part 1 of Epic History's guide to the rise of Venice - from a community of refugees hiding out in the Italian lagoons, to one of the medieval world's most powerful maritime states.